Monday, July 28, 2008
Thursday, July 24, 2008
Do You Know How To Remove Spyware From Your Computer?
Spyware is rapidly becoming a major problem for Internet
users. It is estimated that 9 out of 10 computers are
infected with spyware or ad ware or both. Spyware may be
responsible for 50 % of all computer crashes. Spyware runs
silently and you may not be aware that your every move on
the Internet is being observed and recorded.
If a user does not detect and remove spy ware from his
computer, all his files may get infected and it may stop
working. All his passwords, credit card numbers and other
personal information may be stolen before he can realize
what is going on. Once spyware has been removed, the
computer will run much faster. It is worth while you to
find and use the best spyware removal software available.
Features Of Good Spyware Removal Software
A few features to consider, while searching for spyware
removal software products, are:
* It should offer complete protection from spyware, key
loggers, remote acess Trojans (RATS), browser hijackers and
ad ware.
* A good spyware program will offer automatic updates, to
provide protection from the latest spy ware threats.
* The spyware product should offer technical support, so
you can call or e-mail someone, if you have a technical
problem.
* A good customer service back up also shows that the
manufacturer can be trusted to look after the needs of the
customer in the long run.
How Does It Work?
It is very difficult to find and remove spyware software
from a computer manually. Spyware protection software
detects and removes spyware and ad ware from your computer
automatically. It can also protect your computer from data
thieves, hackers, malicious e-mail and other threats.
There are many free spyware protection software products
available. These programs can be used to detect and remove
spyware and adware that is already present in your
computer. Many types of spyware, install themselves on your
computer again, after you have deleted them.
Free spyware removal programs can help you to assess the
problem. A permanent solution may be to get the best
spyware solution product available.
users. It is estimated that 9 out of 10 computers are
infected with spyware or ad ware or both. Spyware may be
responsible for 50 % of all computer crashes. Spyware runs
silently and you may not be aware that your every move on
the Internet is being observed and recorded.
If a user does not detect and remove spy ware from his
computer, all his files may get infected and it may stop
working. All his passwords, credit card numbers and other
personal information may be stolen before he can realize
what is going on. Once spyware has been removed, the
computer will run much faster. It is worth while you to
find and use the best spyware removal software available.
Features Of Good Spyware Removal Software
A few features to consider, while searching for spyware
removal software products, are:
* It should offer complete protection from spyware, key
loggers, remote acess Trojans (RATS), browser hijackers and
ad ware.
* A good spyware program will offer automatic updates, to
provide protection from the latest spy ware threats.
* The spyware product should offer technical support, so
you can call or e-mail someone, if you have a technical
problem.
* A good customer service back up also shows that the
manufacturer can be trusted to look after the needs of the
customer in the long run.
How Does It Work?
It is very difficult to find and remove spyware software
from a computer manually. Spyware protection software
detects and removes spyware and ad ware from your computer
automatically. It can also protect your computer from data
thieves, hackers, malicious e-mail and other threats.
There are many free spyware protection software products
available. These programs can be used to detect and remove
spyware and adware that is already present in your
computer. Many types of spyware, install themselves on your
computer again, after you have deleted them.
Free spyware removal programs can help you to assess the
problem. A permanent solution may be to get the best
spyware solution product available.
Data-Recovery: What You Need
Data recovery is something we hope that we will never need. Whether you simply make the mistake of deleting important software or you lose it all in a computer crash, that valuable asset of information may seem like it is lost forever. But, if you have complete and quality data-recovery software on your computer or through your system, you can be confident that it has a backup and it is there even though these things will happen to you. This can be so important when it comes to safeguarding your business or your personal information.
What people do not realize is that there are a number of ways that things can go wrong on their computers. Whether you are responsible for the computers of a large corporation, a small business or even just your own personal computer, having a way to restore information when things go wrong is quite important. Here are some things that could happen to you, well, anytime, even right now. Your computer could be running slowly or be loaded with powerful spyware that can destroy files, transmit personal data or, even worse, cause the computer to crash. All of a sudden, it’s gone. Or, you could be working along nicely without a care in the world and bam! A power surge, an electric storm or something else electrical happens and it’s all gone.
There are many more ways in which you can lose all of the personal data that is stored on your computer. You don’t even have to have the programs running to lose it. Nevertheless, many people mistakenly believe this will not happen to them and therefore do not do anything to prevent this total loss. Data recovery is necessary for this not to happen. The strange thing is, it takes only minutes to install and use and it virtually and it takes care of itself. It is not overly costly either. So, why don’t more people use data recovery? They just don’t realize its importance. And that is one mistake we don’t want to make. Data recovery is a need all computer users have.
What people do not realize is that there are a number of ways that things can go wrong on their computers. Whether you are responsible for the computers of a large corporation, a small business or even just your own personal computer, having a way to restore information when things go wrong is quite important. Here are some things that could happen to you, well, anytime, even right now. Your computer could be running slowly or be loaded with powerful spyware that can destroy files, transmit personal data or, even worse, cause the computer to crash. All of a sudden, it’s gone. Or, you could be working along nicely without a care in the world and bam! A power surge, an electric storm or something else electrical happens and it’s all gone.
There are many more ways in which you can lose all of the personal data that is stored on your computer. You don’t even have to have the programs running to lose it. Nevertheless, many people mistakenly believe this will not happen to them and therefore do not do anything to prevent this total loss. Data recovery is necessary for this not to happen. The strange thing is, it takes only minutes to install and use and it virtually and it takes care of itself. It is not overly costly either. So, why don’t more people use data recovery? They just don’t realize its importance. And that is one mistake we don’t want to make. Data recovery is a need all computer users have.
Computer Security - What Exactly Is It?
Although the term 'computer security' is used a lot, the content of a computer is actually vulnerable to only a few risks unless the computer is connected to others on a network. As the use of computer networks (especially the Internet) has increased dramatically during the past few years, the term computer security is now used to describe issues referring to the networked use of computers and their resources.
The major technical areas of computer security are confidentiality, integrity and authentication/availability.
- Confidentiality, also known as secrecy or privacy, means that the information you own cannot be accessed by unauthorized parties. Breaches of confidentiality range from the embarrassing to the disastrous.
- Integrity means that your information is protected against unauthorized changes that are undetectable to authorized users. The integrity of databases and other resources are usually compromised through hacking.
- Authentication means that an user is who he claims to be.
- Availability means that the resources are accessible by authorized parties. Examples of availability attacks are the 'denial of service' attacks.
Other important things that the computer security professionals are concerned about are access control and nonrepudiation. Access control refer not only to the fact that users can only access the resources and services they are entitled to, but also to the fact that they can't be denied to access the resources they legitimately expect. Nonrepudiation means that a person who sends a message cannot deny he sent it and vice versa.
In addition to these technical aspects, the concept of computer security is very large. Computer security's roots are drawn from disciplines like ethics and risk analysis and the major topics that are concerning it are computer crime (tries to prevent, detect and remedy attacks) and identity/anonymity in cyberspace.
Although confidentiality, integrity and authenticity are the most important things when it comes to computer security in general, for everyday internet users, privacy is the most important one, because many people think that they have nothing to hide or the information they give doesn't seem sensitive when they register with an internet service/site.
But remember that, on the internet, information is very easily shared among companies and small pieces of related information from different sources can be linked together to form something alot more complex about a person. Because of this, nowadays, the ability to maintain control over what information is collected about them, who may use it and how it can be used is extremely important.
The major technical areas of computer security are confidentiality, integrity and authentication/availability.
- Confidentiality, also known as secrecy or privacy, means that the information you own cannot be accessed by unauthorized parties. Breaches of confidentiality range from the embarrassing to the disastrous.
- Integrity means that your information is protected against unauthorized changes that are undetectable to authorized users. The integrity of databases and other resources are usually compromised through hacking.
- Authentication means that an user is who he claims to be.
- Availability means that the resources are accessible by authorized parties. Examples of availability attacks are the 'denial of service' attacks.
Other important things that the computer security professionals are concerned about are access control and nonrepudiation. Access control refer not only to the fact that users can only access the resources and services they are entitled to, but also to the fact that they can't be denied to access the resources they legitimately expect. Nonrepudiation means that a person who sends a message cannot deny he sent it and vice versa.
In addition to these technical aspects, the concept of computer security is very large. Computer security's roots are drawn from disciplines like ethics and risk analysis and the major topics that are concerning it are computer crime (tries to prevent, detect and remedy attacks) and identity/anonymity in cyberspace.
Although confidentiality, integrity and authenticity are the most important things when it comes to computer security in general, for everyday internet users, privacy is the most important one, because many people think that they have nothing to hide or the information they give doesn't seem sensitive when they register with an internet service/site.
But remember that, on the internet, information is very easily shared among companies and small pieces of related information from different sources can be linked together to form something alot more complex about a person. Because of this, nowadays, the ability to maintain control over what information is collected about them, who may use it and how it can be used is extremely important.
Computer Network Installation
Computer network installation has become an essential prerequisite for any efficient modern-day business as it allows employees to truly work as a team by sharing information, accessing the same database and staying in touch constantly. For a computer network to give the best results, a lot of detailed planning and foresight is required before installation.
Firstly, an organisation needs to clearly define its requirements – how many people would use the network, how many would use it locally (within the office) and how many might require remote access (from a different location), how many computers and other devices (servers, printers, scanners) would be connected to the network, what are the needs of the various departments and who would be in charge of running/managing the network. It also helps if one can anticipate the direction the company would take in the near future so potential growth can be factored in during computer network installation.
The technology issues should also be ironed out in advance – hardware, software, servers, switches, back-up devices, cables and network operating systems. Make sure you have the required licenses to run the software on all your machines before installing a computer network. Alongside computer network installation should proceed the building of a dedicated technical support staff, either within your own organisation or outside consultants. Delegate responsibility clearly for network management. Before installing the network, you also need to choose the security mechanism to protect corporate data and keep viruses at bay.
The transition to a new or upgraded computer network can bring some teething problems. To minimise chances of confusion, the company might need to train its staff to make them familiar with the new system. Careful planning will to a large extent prevent crises like system downtime and network crashes.
Firstly, an organisation needs to clearly define its requirements – how many people would use the network, how many would use it locally (within the office) and how many might require remote access (from a different location), how many computers and other devices (servers, printers, scanners) would be connected to the network, what are the needs of the various departments and who would be in charge of running/managing the network. It also helps if one can anticipate the direction the company would take in the near future so potential growth can be factored in during computer network installation.
The technology issues should also be ironed out in advance – hardware, software, servers, switches, back-up devices, cables and network operating systems. Make sure you have the required licenses to run the software on all your machines before installing a computer network. Alongside computer network installation should proceed the building of a dedicated technical support staff, either within your own organisation or outside consultants. Delegate responsibility clearly for network management. Before installing the network, you also need to choose the security mechanism to protect corporate data and keep viruses at bay.
The transition to a new or upgraded computer network can bring some teething problems. To minimise chances of confusion, the company might need to train its staff to make them familiar with the new system. Careful planning will to a large extent prevent crises like system downtime and network crashes.
Computer Accessories We All Want For Our New Computer!
Printers
A computer accessory we all need. From inexpensive ink jets to monochrome and color lasers, different printers are designed to do different jobs with your computer. You will have a few choices to make when getting your new printer: price, speed, and print quality are the main ones. Ink jet printers and digital cameras are changing how we print photographs. Load your printer up with special photo inks and paper and ink jet/bubble jet printers have become one of the best options for transforming a digital image into a photograph! For speed and razor sharp text the monochrome laser printers are fantastic.
Scanner
This computer accessory is for input into your computer. Graphic designers will use a scanner often to input pictures etc. If you don't have a digital camera a scanner is the only other way to get pictures into your computer to email, manipulate, add to cards, etc.
Speakers
These are computer accessories that most computers come equipped with. But some people like 'game players' want to upgrade for surround sound. You will find many different versions and brands.
Keyboard and Mouse
These are also computer accessories that usually come with a computer system. Although most people will have to purchase new ones during the life of their computer. This is because they do not last as long as the computer system itself. Of course, it is dependent on how much you use them, how rough you are on them, and how clean you keep them.
A computer accessory we all need. From inexpensive ink jets to monochrome and color lasers, different printers are designed to do different jobs with your computer. You will have a few choices to make when getting your new printer: price, speed, and print quality are the main ones. Ink jet printers and digital cameras are changing how we print photographs. Load your printer up with special photo inks and paper and ink jet/bubble jet printers have become one of the best options for transforming a digital image into a photograph! For speed and razor sharp text the monochrome laser printers are fantastic.
Scanner
This computer accessory is for input into your computer. Graphic designers will use a scanner often to input pictures etc. If you don't have a digital camera a scanner is the only other way to get pictures into your computer to email, manipulate, add to cards, etc.
Speakers
These are computer accessories that most computers come equipped with. But some people like 'game players' want to upgrade for surround sound. You will find many different versions and brands.
Keyboard and Mouse
These are also computer accessories that usually come with a computer system. Although most people will have to purchase new ones during the life of their computer. This is because they do not last as long as the computer system itself. Of course, it is dependent on how much you use them, how rough you are on them, and how clean you keep them.
Build Your Own Computer or Buy?
Just look inside a computer case. At first glance, all those wires and components can look terrifyingly complex. And thinking about putting them all together by yourself may seem impossible.
Not to worry! Even though they are the products of advanced technology, the various pieces of a personal computer (PC) fit together with simple connections. If you can use a screwdriver and follow simple instructions, you can build your own PC.
Don't be intimidated by the task of connecting the computer components together. Many of the internal connections are molded so that it is impossible to fit them together the wrong way. If you have ever assembled a child's toy, you are more than capable of assembling a computer.
Advantages Of Building Your Own
You are probably asking yourself why anyone would bother to build a PC. After all, you can buy a cheap computer in almost any retail store.
If cost is your only consideration, you probably are better off buying one of those cheap machines. But if you have any special requirements for software or hardware, you’ll benefit from the total control over the type and quality of components you get from building your own PC.
You can save some money, too. Although you probably can't match the price of the cheapest preassembled PC, once you begin adding on the inevitable customized hardware, the costs go up anyway. Suddenly building your own computer starts looking cheaper. And don't forget--those super-cheap PCs are bare-boned systems. Unless you need a computer only for basic word processing and e-mail, you will probably have to upgrade anyway.
Building your own PC can be a great learning experience. You will gain a better understanding of how the various components work together, knowledge that can be useful for troubleshooting. If your computer ever breaks down, you may be able to pinpoint the problem and fix it yourself, saving money on expensive repair bills.
You are virtually guaranteed to get the best computer when you build your own system. Big retailers often use cheaper OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) components to cut down on costs. Components like these can compromise the performance of a computer system. Although you can buy OEM components yourself, the trade-off in reliability and stability is usually not worth it. Brand name components are just a bit more expensive, but are well worth the cost.
Disadvantages
The major disadvantage in building your own PC is that you don't get a system-wide warranty. For example, if a malfunctioning motherboard fries your memory chips, you may not be able to get compensation for the damaged memory. If something like this happens with a store-bought system you could probably get the whole computer repaired under the warranty.
However, if you buy all your components at the same time from the same retailer, you are more likely to be compensated for this kind of situation.
Time is, of course, a factor. But it is educational time. And if you enjoy tinkering at all, it counts as fun time as well.
The Bottom Line
Building your own PC has a lot to offer. You'll be assured of getting the best components available, which translates to the best and most reliable computer for your money. You will learn about computer components and how to choose parts with the best performance. When it comes to servicing your computer, you may be able to solve and fix the problem yourself.
Oh, and one final advantage. The bragging rights of telling your friends that you built your own computer. Priceless!
Not to worry! Even though they are the products of advanced technology, the various pieces of a personal computer (PC) fit together with simple connections. If you can use a screwdriver and follow simple instructions, you can build your own PC.
Don't be intimidated by the task of connecting the computer components together. Many of the internal connections are molded so that it is impossible to fit them together the wrong way. If you have ever assembled a child's toy, you are more than capable of assembling a computer.
Advantages Of Building Your Own
You are probably asking yourself why anyone would bother to build a PC. After all, you can buy a cheap computer in almost any retail store.
If cost is your only consideration, you probably are better off buying one of those cheap machines. But if you have any special requirements for software or hardware, you’ll benefit from the total control over the type and quality of components you get from building your own PC.
You can save some money, too. Although you probably can't match the price of the cheapest preassembled PC, once you begin adding on the inevitable customized hardware, the costs go up anyway. Suddenly building your own computer starts looking cheaper. And don't forget--those super-cheap PCs are bare-boned systems. Unless you need a computer only for basic word processing and e-mail, you will probably have to upgrade anyway.
Building your own PC can be a great learning experience. You will gain a better understanding of how the various components work together, knowledge that can be useful for troubleshooting. If your computer ever breaks down, you may be able to pinpoint the problem and fix it yourself, saving money on expensive repair bills.
You are virtually guaranteed to get the best computer when you build your own system. Big retailers often use cheaper OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) components to cut down on costs. Components like these can compromise the performance of a computer system. Although you can buy OEM components yourself, the trade-off in reliability and stability is usually not worth it. Brand name components are just a bit more expensive, but are well worth the cost.
Disadvantages
The major disadvantage in building your own PC is that you don't get a system-wide warranty. For example, if a malfunctioning motherboard fries your memory chips, you may not be able to get compensation for the damaged memory. If something like this happens with a store-bought system you could probably get the whole computer repaired under the warranty.
However, if you buy all your components at the same time from the same retailer, you are more likely to be compensated for this kind of situation.
Time is, of course, a factor. But it is educational time. And if you enjoy tinkering at all, it counts as fun time as well.
The Bottom Line
Building your own PC has a lot to offer. You'll be assured of getting the best components available, which translates to the best and most reliable computer for your money. You will learn about computer components and how to choose parts with the best performance. When it comes to servicing your computer, you may be able to solve and fix the problem yourself.
Oh, and one final advantage. The bragging rights of telling your friends that you built your own computer. Priceless!
Are They Watching You Online?
When surfing the Internet you probably take your anonymity
for granted, most of us do.
Tapping phones, listening to confidential conversations,
reading others' e-mail messages seems like something that
only happens in spy movies to "other" people.
However, you probably don't realize just how much
information about yourself has the potential to get
transmitted across the Internet every time you go online.
Every computer connected to the Internet has "ports" that
allow it to connect. A "port" doesn't mean you have a
physical hole or opening in your computer's case or
hardware, but it does mean you have openings through which
information passes back and forth between your computer and
the Internet.
Depending on the type of connection (dial up, LAN, cable,
DSL), you may have several openings for potential mischief
by hackers, malicious code or viruses.
Computers with dedicated connections rate the most at risk.
If someone or something gets into one of these ports and
into your computer, they can potentially watch everything
you do and see all the data you enter, including social
security numbers and credit card information.
The easiest way to defeat this problem involves using a
firewall. Firewalls, simple and inexpensive software
available at virtually any office supply or computer store,
block the most common ports hackers use to enter your
computer.
Firewalls also help you detect and block unauthorized
transmission of information from your computer to the
Internet. This adds a significant measure of protection if
you get infected with a Trojan Horse virus that tries to
"phone home" to the hacker with your sensitive information.
If you'd like to test your connection for vulnerability to
attack, log on to http://security1.norton.com and run the
various diagnostics. I would strongly advise anyone
connected to the Internet through DSL or cable to get and
use a firewall to protect against unauthorized access.
Infected with "Spyware?"
Previously we talked about unauthorized access to your
computer. But a growing problem online with people watching
you and your activities involves using programs you
willingly place on your computer.
Commonly called "Spyware," this refers to any program that
transmits information about you to someone else without you
knowing exactly what gets sent. The main purpose of Spyware
involves tracking your surfing habits so advertisers know
which targeted ads to send you.
Most Spyware basically comes onto your computer bundled
with other software applications, as a standalone program,
or as modification to the HTML on a web page.
Regardless of how you get it, you need to understand
exactly what information gets transmitted about you so you
can decide whether to keep or uninstall the software. Plain
and simple, these Spyware programs can potentially reveal
extremely sensitive information about you and your online
habits.
If you have concerns about Spyware and whether or not your
computer currently carries any, log on to www.lavasoft.de
and check out the free PC software that will scan your
system for known Spyware.
for granted, most of us do.
Tapping phones, listening to confidential conversations,
reading others' e-mail messages seems like something that
only happens in spy movies to "other" people.
However, you probably don't realize just how much
information about yourself has the potential to get
transmitted across the Internet every time you go online.
Every computer connected to the Internet has "ports" that
allow it to connect. A "port" doesn't mean you have a
physical hole or opening in your computer's case or
hardware, but it does mean you have openings through which
information passes back and forth between your computer and
the Internet.
Depending on the type of connection (dial up, LAN, cable,
DSL), you may have several openings for potential mischief
by hackers, malicious code or viruses.
Computers with dedicated connections rate the most at risk.
If someone or something gets into one of these ports and
into your computer, they can potentially watch everything
you do and see all the data you enter, including social
security numbers and credit card information.
The easiest way to defeat this problem involves using a
firewall. Firewalls, simple and inexpensive software
available at virtually any office supply or computer store,
block the most common ports hackers use to enter your
computer.
Firewalls also help you detect and block unauthorized
transmission of information from your computer to the
Internet. This adds a significant measure of protection if
you get infected with a Trojan Horse virus that tries to
"phone home" to the hacker with your sensitive information.
If you'd like to test your connection for vulnerability to
attack, log on to http://security1.norton.com and run the
various diagnostics. I would strongly advise anyone
connected to the Internet through DSL or cable to get and
use a firewall to protect against unauthorized access.
Infected with "Spyware?"
Previously we talked about unauthorized access to your
computer. But a growing problem online with people watching
you and your activities involves using programs you
willingly place on your computer.
Commonly called "Spyware," this refers to any program that
transmits information about you to someone else without you
knowing exactly what gets sent. The main purpose of Spyware
involves tracking your surfing habits so advertisers know
which targeted ads to send you.
Most Spyware basically comes onto your computer bundled
with other software applications, as a standalone program,
or as modification to the HTML on a web page.
Regardless of how you get it, you need to understand
exactly what information gets transmitted about you so you
can decide whether to keep or uninstall the software. Plain
and simple, these Spyware programs can potentially reveal
extremely sensitive information about you and your online
habits.
If you have concerns about Spyware and whether or not your
computer currently carries any, log on to www.lavasoft.de
and check out the free PC software that will scan your
system for known Spyware.
All About Computer Viruses
Your computer is as slow as molasses. Your mouse freezes every 15 minutes, and that Microsoft Word program just won’t seem to open.
You might have a virus.
Just what exactly is a virus? What kind is in your computer? How did it get there? How is it spreading and wreaking such havoc? And why is it bothering with your computer anyway?
Viruses are pieces of programming code that make copies of themselves, or replicate, inside your computer without asking your explicit written permission to do so. Forget getting your permission down on paper. Viruses don’t bother to seek your permission at all! Very invasive.
In comparison, there are pieces of code that might replicate inside your computer, say something your IT guy thinks you need. But the code spreads, perhaps throughout your office network, with your consent (or at least your IT guy’s consent). These types of replicating code are called agents, said Jimmy Kuo, a research fellow with McAfee AVERT, a research arm of anti-virus software-maker McAfee Inc.
In this article, though, we’re not talking about the good guys, or the agents. We’ll be talking about the bad guys, the viruses.
A long, long time ago in computer years, like five, most viruses were comprised of a similar breed. They entered your computer perhaps through an email attachment or a floppy disk (remember those?). Then they attached themselves to one of your files, say your Microsoft Word program.
When you opened your Microsoft Word program, the virus replicated and attached itself to other files. These could be other random files on your hard drive, the files furthest away from your Microsoft Word program, or other files, depending on how the virus writer wanted the virus to behave.
This virus code could contain hundreds or thousands of instructions. When it replicates it inserts those instructions, into the files it infects, said Carey Nachenberg, Chief Architect at Symantec Research Labs, an arm of anti-virus software-maker Symantec. Corp.
Because so many other types of viruses exist now, the kind just described is called a classic virus. Classic viruses still exist but they’re not quite as prevalent as they used to be. (Perhaps we could put classic viruses on the shelf with Hemingway and Dickens.)
These days, in the modern era, viruses are known to spread through vulnerabilities in web browsers, files shared over the internet, emails themselves, and computer networks.
As far as web browsers are concerned, Microsoft’s Internet Explorer takes most of the heat for spreading viruses because it’s used by more people for web surfing than any other browser.
Nevertheless, “Any web browser potentially has vulnerabilities,” Nachenberg said.
For instance, let’s say you go to a website in IE you have every reason to think is safe, Nachenberg said.
But unfortunately it isn’t. It has virus code hidden in its background that IE isn’t protecting you from. While you’re looking at the site, the virus is downloaded onto your computer, he said. That’s one way of catching a nasty virus.
During the past two years, another prevalent way to catch a virus has been through downloads computer users share with one another, mostly on music sharing sites, Kuo said. On Limewire or Kazaa, for instance, teenagers or other music enthusiasts might think they’re downloading that latest Justin Timberlake song, when in reality they’re downloading a virus straight into their computer. It’s easy for a virus writer to put a download with a virus on one of these sites because everyone’s sharing with everyone else anyway.
Here’s one you might not have thought of. If you use Outlook or Outlook Express to send and receive email, do you have a preview pane below your list of emails that shows the contents of the email you have highlighted? If so, you may be putting yourself at risk.
Some viruses, though a small percentage according to Nachenberg, are inserted straight into emails themselves.
Forget opening the attachment. All you have to do is view the email to potentially get a virus, Kuo added. For instance, have you ever opened or viewed an email that states it’s “loading”? Well, once everything is “loaded,” a virus in the email might just load onto your computer.
So if I were you, I’d click on View on the toolbar in your Outlook or Outlook Express and close the preview pane. (You have to click on View and then Layout in Outlook Express.)
On a network at work? You could get a virus that way. Worms are viruses that come into your computer via networks, Kuo said. They travel from machine to machine and, unlike, the classic viruses, they attack the machine itself rather than individual files.
Worms sit in your working memory, or RAM, Nachenberg said.
OK, so we’ve talked about how the viruses get into a computer. How do they cause so much damage once they’re there?
Let’s say you’ve caught a classic virus, one that replicates and attacks various files on your computer. Let’s go back to the example of the virus that initially infects your Microsoft Word program.
Well, it might eventually cause that program to crash, Nachenberg said. It also might cause damage to your computer as it looks for new targets to infect.
This process of infecting targets and looking for new ones could eventually use up your computer’s ability to function, he said.
Often the destruction a virus causes is pegged to a certain event or date and time, called a trigger. For instance, a virus could be programmed to lay dormant until January 28. When that date rolls around, though, it may be programmed to do something as innocuous but annoying as splash popups on your screen, or something as severe as reformat your computer’s hard drive, Nachenberg said.
There are other potential reasons, though, for a virus to cause your computer to be acting slow or in weird ways. And that leads us to a new segment – the reason virus writers would want to waste their time creating viruses in the first place.
The majority of viruses are still written by teenagers looking for some notoriety, Nachenberg said. But a growing segment of the virus-writing population has other intentions in mind.
For these other intentions, we first need to explain the “backdoor” concept.
The sole purpose of some viruses is to create a vulnerability in your computer. Once it creates this hole of sorts, or backdoor, it signals home to mama or dada virus writer (kind of like in E.T.). Once the virus writer receives the signal, they can use and abuse your computer to their own likings.
Trojans are sometimes used to open backdoors. In fact that is usually their sole purpose, Kuo said.
Trojans are pieces of code you might download onto your computer, say, from a newsgroup. As in the Trojan War they are named after, they are usually disguised as innocuous pieces of code. But Trojans aren’t considered viruses because they don’t replicate.
Now back to the real viruses. Let’s say we have Joe Shmo virus writer. He sends out a virus that ends up infecting a thousand machines. But he doesn’t want the feds on his case. So he instructs the viruses on the various machines to send their signals, not of course to his computer, but to a place that can’t be traced. Hotmail email happens to be an example of one such place, Kuo said.
OK, so the virus writers now control these computers. What will they use them for?
One use is to send spam. Once that backdoor is open, they bounce spam off of those computers and send it to other machines, Nachenberg said.
That’s right. Some spam you have in your email right now may have been originally sent to other innocent computers before it came to yours so that it could remain in disguise. If the authorities could track down the original senders of spam, they could crack down on spam itself. Spam senders don’t want that.
Ever heard of phishing emails? Those are the ones that purport to be from your internet service provider or bank. They typically request some information from you, like your credit card number. The problem is, they’re NOT from your internet service provider or your bank. They’re from evil people after your credit card number! Well, these emails are often sent the same way spam is sent, by sending them via innocent computers.
Of course makers of anti-virus software use a variety of methods to combat the onslaught of viruses. Norton, for instance, uses signature scanning, Nachenberg said.
Signature scanning is similar to the process of looking for DNA fingerprints, he said. Norton examines programming code to find what viruses are made of. It adds those bad instructions it finds to its large database of other bad code. Then it uses this vast database to seek out and match the code in it with similar code in your computer. When it finds such virus code, it lets you know!
You might have a virus.
Just what exactly is a virus? What kind is in your computer? How did it get there? How is it spreading and wreaking such havoc? And why is it bothering with your computer anyway?
Viruses are pieces of programming code that make copies of themselves, or replicate, inside your computer without asking your explicit written permission to do so. Forget getting your permission down on paper. Viruses don’t bother to seek your permission at all! Very invasive.
In comparison, there are pieces of code that might replicate inside your computer, say something your IT guy thinks you need. But the code spreads, perhaps throughout your office network, with your consent (or at least your IT guy’s consent). These types of replicating code are called agents, said Jimmy Kuo, a research fellow with McAfee AVERT, a research arm of anti-virus software-maker McAfee Inc.
In this article, though, we’re not talking about the good guys, or the agents. We’ll be talking about the bad guys, the viruses.
A long, long time ago in computer years, like five, most viruses were comprised of a similar breed. They entered your computer perhaps through an email attachment or a floppy disk (remember those?). Then they attached themselves to one of your files, say your Microsoft Word program.
When you opened your Microsoft Word program, the virus replicated and attached itself to other files. These could be other random files on your hard drive, the files furthest away from your Microsoft Word program, or other files, depending on how the virus writer wanted the virus to behave.
This virus code could contain hundreds or thousands of instructions. When it replicates it inserts those instructions, into the files it infects, said Carey Nachenberg, Chief Architect at Symantec Research Labs, an arm of anti-virus software-maker Symantec. Corp.
Because so many other types of viruses exist now, the kind just described is called a classic virus. Classic viruses still exist but they’re not quite as prevalent as they used to be. (Perhaps we could put classic viruses on the shelf with Hemingway and Dickens.)
These days, in the modern era, viruses are known to spread through vulnerabilities in web browsers, files shared over the internet, emails themselves, and computer networks.
As far as web browsers are concerned, Microsoft’s Internet Explorer takes most of the heat for spreading viruses because it’s used by more people for web surfing than any other browser.
Nevertheless, “Any web browser potentially has vulnerabilities,” Nachenberg said.
For instance, let’s say you go to a website in IE you have every reason to think is safe, Nachenberg said.
But unfortunately it isn’t. It has virus code hidden in its background that IE isn’t protecting you from. While you’re looking at the site, the virus is downloaded onto your computer, he said. That’s one way of catching a nasty virus.
During the past two years, another prevalent way to catch a virus has been through downloads computer users share with one another, mostly on music sharing sites, Kuo said. On Limewire or Kazaa, for instance, teenagers or other music enthusiasts might think they’re downloading that latest Justin Timberlake song, when in reality they’re downloading a virus straight into their computer. It’s easy for a virus writer to put a download with a virus on one of these sites because everyone’s sharing with everyone else anyway.
Here’s one you might not have thought of. If you use Outlook or Outlook Express to send and receive email, do you have a preview pane below your list of emails that shows the contents of the email you have highlighted? If so, you may be putting yourself at risk.
Some viruses, though a small percentage according to Nachenberg, are inserted straight into emails themselves.
Forget opening the attachment. All you have to do is view the email to potentially get a virus, Kuo added. For instance, have you ever opened or viewed an email that states it’s “loading”? Well, once everything is “loaded,” a virus in the email might just load onto your computer.
So if I were you, I’d click on View on the toolbar in your Outlook or Outlook Express and close the preview pane. (You have to click on View and then Layout in Outlook Express.)
On a network at work? You could get a virus that way. Worms are viruses that come into your computer via networks, Kuo said. They travel from machine to machine and, unlike, the classic viruses, they attack the machine itself rather than individual files.
Worms sit in your working memory, or RAM, Nachenberg said.
OK, so we’ve talked about how the viruses get into a computer. How do they cause so much damage once they’re there?
Let’s say you’ve caught a classic virus, one that replicates and attacks various files on your computer. Let’s go back to the example of the virus that initially infects your Microsoft Word program.
Well, it might eventually cause that program to crash, Nachenberg said. It also might cause damage to your computer as it looks for new targets to infect.
This process of infecting targets and looking for new ones could eventually use up your computer’s ability to function, he said.
Often the destruction a virus causes is pegged to a certain event or date and time, called a trigger. For instance, a virus could be programmed to lay dormant until January 28. When that date rolls around, though, it may be programmed to do something as innocuous but annoying as splash popups on your screen, or something as severe as reformat your computer’s hard drive, Nachenberg said.
There are other potential reasons, though, for a virus to cause your computer to be acting slow or in weird ways. And that leads us to a new segment – the reason virus writers would want to waste their time creating viruses in the first place.
The majority of viruses are still written by teenagers looking for some notoriety, Nachenberg said. But a growing segment of the virus-writing population has other intentions in mind.
For these other intentions, we first need to explain the “backdoor” concept.
The sole purpose of some viruses is to create a vulnerability in your computer. Once it creates this hole of sorts, or backdoor, it signals home to mama or dada virus writer (kind of like in E.T.). Once the virus writer receives the signal, they can use and abuse your computer to their own likings.
Trojans are sometimes used to open backdoors. In fact that is usually their sole purpose, Kuo said.
Trojans are pieces of code you might download onto your computer, say, from a newsgroup. As in the Trojan War they are named after, they are usually disguised as innocuous pieces of code. But Trojans aren’t considered viruses because they don’t replicate.
Now back to the real viruses. Let’s say we have Joe Shmo virus writer. He sends out a virus that ends up infecting a thousand machines. But he doesn’t want the feds on his case. So he instructs the viruses on the various machines to send their signals, not of course to his computer, but to a place that can’t be traced. Hotmail email happens to be an example of one such place, Kuo said.
OK, so the virus writers now control these computers. What will they use them for?
One use is to send spam. Once that backdoor is open, they bounce spam off of those computers and send it to other machines, Nachenberg said.
That’s right. Some spam you have in your email right now may have been originally sent to other innocent computers before it came to yours so that it could remain in disguise. If the authorities could track down the original senders of spam, they could crack down on spam itself. Spam senders don’t want that.
Ever heard of phishing emails? Those are the ones that purport to be from your internet service provider or bank. They typically request some information from you, like your credit card number. The problem is, they’re NOT from your internet service provider or your bank. They’re from evil people after your credit card number! Well, these emails are often sent the same way spam is sent, by sending them via innocent computers.
Of course makers of anti-virus software use a variety of methods to combat the onslaught of viruses. Norton, for instance, uses signature scanning, Nachenberg said.
Signature scanning is similar to the process of looking for DNA fingerprints, he said. Norton examines programming code to find what viruses are made of. It adds those bad instructions it finds to its large database of other bad code. Then it uses this vast database to seek out and match the code in it with similar code in your computer. When it finds such virus code, it lets you know!
A Guide To Basic Computer Terminology
Ram? Mouse? One is an animal and one is a rodent right? Ram...that is the zodiac sign for Aries... If this is what these words mean to you than you can surely use this quick glossary of computer terminology. It would be a good idea to read through them before purchasing a computer because these are things you should know about first. If you already have a computer then these computer terms can help you know what to do if your new computer equipment is unfamiliar. Also, this computer terminology can help you if you have to call in for technical help.
Okay lets go!
Cache: Cache is another type of memory kindred to RAM. The computer uses cache to quickly move data between the RAM and the CPU.
CD-ROM Drive: Most new computers now come with a CD-ROM drive as standard equipment. A CD-ROM drive reads data from a disc. These CDs look like a music CD, but hold data instead of music. CD-ROMs also contain games, dictionaries, recipe files, and lots of other things that you can load onto your computer.
CPU: The CPU, or central processing unit, is the brains of the computer. Most new Windows based programs use a Pentium processor or a AMD Athlon XP. New Macs use a different type of CPU called Power PC.
Disk Drive:Virtually all computers come with a disk drive that can read and save information on portable diskettes, also called floppy disks. You can use floppy disks to save information or to load new software onto your computer.
Hard Drive: The hard drive is also called the hard disk. You'll probably never see it because it is nestled inside your computer. It's the computer's electronic filling cabinet, and it stores the computer's operating system, files, programs and documents.
Keyboard: Just like a typewriter keyboard, this device is the primary way of inputting data into the computer programs.
Megahertz (MHz): This is the clock speed of the microprocessor. The higher the number, the quicker the information is processed. MHz relates to how many millions of instructions can be processed per second.
Memory:This is the circuitry or device that holds information in an electrical or magnetic form. There is read-only memory (ROM), which is information primarily stored on a disk, and random-access memory (RAM), which is chip-based storage inside the computer. Memory is typically measured in megabytes (MBs).
Modem:This mechanism connects a computer to a phone line so information can be sent from one computer to another or the user can access an on-line service or the Internet. In view of the popularity of the Internet, a modem is now considered basic equipment and comes on practically all-new computers. Most modems come with fax capabilities.
Monitor: An output device that allows you to see what you are doing (it is what you are looking into right now to see this). Most computers come with 14 or 15-inch monitors. This size is good for most people's needs. Larger 17 or 21-inch monitors also are available, but may cost more. Myself, I prefer the 17-inch.
Motherboard:The motherboard is the circuit board that everything in the computer plugs into. The CPU, RAM and cache all plug into the motherboard.
Mouse: The mouse is another input device that makes getting around in your computer easier. It is a handheld object that is good for doing tasks such as moving and pointing to objects on the screen, and can replace the function and control keys of the keyboard. (If you need a lesson on how the mouse works and how to use it click here for a tutorial.)
Printer: A printer is an essential part of the computer if you want a hard copy of your work. There are four types of printers on the market: dot matrix, inkjet, bubble jet and laser. The dot matrix is the most basic. Most inkjets and bubble jets can print color and graphics, and a laser printer offers the best resolution at the highest speed.
RAM:Computers save data in two ways: on the hard drive and in random access memory or internal memory. New computer buyers should look for models with at least 16 MBs of RAM (or more, depending on what types of programs you'll be running). Make sure that the computer can be upgraded.
Scanner:A scanner is a useful accessory to have if you are working with lots of artwork or photos. This device can copy written documents, pictures or photographs directly into your computer. There are three types of scanners: handheld, hopper-feed and flatbed.
Sound Card: This device allows your computer to reproduce music, sounds and voices. Make sure you have a sound card if you're planning to play multimedia games.
Video Card: The video card is the part of the computer that sends the images to the monitor.
Well there you have it, a quick course on computer terms. I hope it has helped to guide you in your purchase of a new computer; or to help you with the one you have.
Okay lets go!
Cache: Cache is another type of memory kindred to RAM. The computer uses cache to quickly move data between the RAM and the CPU.
CD-ROM Drive: Most new computers now come with a CD-ROM drive as standard equipment. A CD-ROM drive reads data from a disc. These CDs look like a music CD, but hold data instead of music. CD-ROMs also contain games, dictionaries, recipe files, and lots of other things that you can load onto your computer.
CPU: The CPU, or central processing unit, is the brains of the computer. Most new Windows based programs use a Pentium processor or a AMD Athlon XP. New Macs use a different type of CPU called Power PC.
Disk Drive:Virtually all computers come with a disk drive that can read and save information on portable diskettes, also called floppy disks. You can use floppy disks to save information or to load new software onto your computer.
Hard Drive: The hard drive is also called the hard disk. You'll probably never see it because it is nestled inside your computer. It's the computer's electronic filling cabinet, and it stores the computer's operating system, files, programs and documents.
Keyboard: Just like a typewriter keyboard, this device is the primary way of inputting data into the computer programs.
Megahertz (MHz): This is the clock speed of the microprocessor. The higher the number, the quicker the information is processed. MHz relates to how many millions of instructions can be processed per second.
Memory:This is the circuitry or device that holds information in an electrical or magnetic form. There is read-only memory (ROM), which is information primarily stored on a disk, and random-access memory (RAM), which is chip-based storage inside the computer. Memory is typically measured in megabytes (MBs).
Modem:This mechanism connects a computer to a phone line so information can be sent from one computer to another or the user can access an on-line service or the Internet. In view of the popularity of the Internet, a modem is now considered basic equipment and comes on practically all-new computers. Most modems come with fax capabilities.
Monitor: An output device that allows you to see what you are doing (it is what you are looking into right now to see this). Most computers come with 14 or 15-inch monitors. This size is good for most people's needs. Larger 17 or 21-inch monitors also are available, but may cost more. Myself, I prefer the 17-inch.
Motherboard:The motherboard is the circuit board that everything in the computer plugs into. The CPU, RAM and cache all plug into the motherboard.
Mouse: The mouse is another input device that makes getting around in your computer easier. It is a handheld object that is good for doing tasks such as moving and pointing to objects on the screen, and can replace the function and control keys of the keyboard. (If you need a lesson on how the mouse works and how to use it click here for a tutorial.)
Printer: A printer is an essential part of the computer if you want a hard copy of your work. There are four types of printers on the market: dot matrix, inkjet, bubble jet and laser. The dot matrix is the most basic. Most inkjets and bubble jets can print color and graphics, and a laser printer offers the best resolution at the highest speed.
RAM:Computers save data in two ways: on the hard drive and in random access memory or internal memory. New computer buyers should look for models with at least 16 MBs of RAM (or more, depending on what types of programs you'll be running). Make sure that the computer can be upgraded.
Scanner:A scanner is a useful accessory to have if you are working with lots of artwork or photos. This device can copy written documents, pictures or photographs directly into your computer. There are three types of scanners: handheld, hopper-feed and flatbed.
Sound Card: This device allows your computer to reproduce music, sounds and voices. Make sure you have a sound card if you're planning to play multimedia games.
Video Card: The video card is the part of the computer that sends the images to the monitor.
Well there you have it, a quick course on computer terms. I hope it has helped to guide you in your purchase of a new computer; or to help you with the one you have.
Access Your PC From The Road
Have you ever sat in front of your computer and wished you could show someone else what appeared on your screen?
Maybe you were experiencing a problem, or couldn't figure out how to make something work, but you knew if someone else could see what was happening on your screen, they could help you fix the problem immediately.
Ever had a phone conversation with someone about a particular business topic, but you just couldn't "connect" with your ideas because it was too hard to explain over the phone?
Now, visualize jumping on the phone with that same person and literally sharing your computer's desktop to collaborate, discuss, and create virtually anything together, even if you are separated by thousands of miles.
Though this may sound like an episode of Star Trek, remote computer sharing is actually a daily business reality.
Imagine you need to take a trip and you either don't want to or can't take your computer.
The thought of emails piling up for days makes you crazy and you also need to monitor some things on your pc.
Instead of trying to lug your laptop (or fit your desktop into your suitcase), you can use "remote desktop" software that allows you to access your computer through the Internet from any other computer in the world.
One of the most common remote desktop services is GoToMyPC.com, which provides a safe and secure way for you to go down to the local internet café, log on, and access your office or home computer just like sitting at your own desk.
Now, before you panic and think anyone can access your computer, let me explain security.
First, you log in to the GoToMyPC.com website with a username and password.
Once logged in, you then click a link to log onto your PC, which will then ask you for another password.
GoToMyPC.com has even thought of a solution for those of you worried about people looking over your shoulder as you enter your passwords on a public computer or if the computer you use might carry a keystroke logger.
Before leaving home, you can program in a series of up to 99 passwords that only work one time.
This means even if someone watches you log into your computer or records your keystrokes, the password you used won't work again.
If a would-be thief tries to access your computer too many times, GoToMyPC.com will shut down all access attempts to your PC.
The benefits of remotely accessing your PC from the road are numerous, but the bottom line is that it enables you to use your computer from the road like you never left home.
For example: while traveling to a conference this weekend, my wife (and business partner) accessed our office computer from my laptop and, instead of the usual pile of 4,000 emails that would normally await after 5 days away, we just picked up this morning like we'd never been gone.
The same company that offers GoToMyPC.com also offers a service called GoToMeeting.com which allows you to remotely host a meeting where multiple users can share and collaborate on a single computer desktop.
This service makes it super simple to provide online training, do software demos, and even make complete sales presentations.
I personally use both of these services and find them easy, reliable and well worth the price.
Maybe you were experiencing a problem, or couldn't figure out how to make something work, but you knew if someone else could see what was happening on your screen, they could help you fix the problem immediately.
Ever had a phone conversation with someone about a particular business topic, but you just couldn't "connect" with your ideas because it was too hard to explain over the phone?
Now, visualize jumping on the phone with that same person and literally sharing your computer's desktop to collaborate, discuss, and create virtually anything together, even if you are separated by thousands of miles.
Though this may sound like an episode of Star Trek, remote computer sharing is actually a daily business reality.
Imagine you need to take a trip and you either don't want to or can't take your computer.
The thought of emails piling up for days makes you crazy and you also need to monitor some things on your pc.
Instead of trying to lug your laptop (or fit your desktop into your suitcase), you can use "remote desktop" software that allows you to access your computer through the Internet from any other computer in the world.
One of the most common remote desktop services is GoToMyPC.com, which provides a safe and secure way for you to go down to the local internet café, log on, and access your office or home computer just like sitting at your own desk.
Now, before you panic and think anyone can access your computer, let me explain security.
First, you log in to the GoToMyPC.com website with a username and password.
Once logged in, you then click a link to log onto your PC, which will then ask you for another password.
GoToMyPC.com has even thought of a solution for those of you worried about people looking over your shoulder as you enter your passwords on a public computer or if the computer you use might carry a keystroke logger.
Before leaving home, you can program in a series of up to 99 passwords that only work one time.
This means even if someone watches you log into your computer or records your keystrokes, the password you used won't work again.
If a would-be thief tries to access your computer too many times, GoToMyPC.com will shut down all access attempts to your PC.
The benefits of remotely accessing your PC from the road are numerous, but the bottom line is that it enables you to use your computer from the road like you never left home.
For example: while traveling to a conference this weekend, my wife (and business partner) accessed our office computer from my laptop and, instead of the usual pile of 4,000 emails that would normally await after 5 days away, we just picked up this morning like we'd never been gone.
The same company that offers GoToMyPC.com also offers a service called GoToMeeting.com which allows you to remotely host a meeting where multiple users can share and collaborate on a single computer desktop.
This service makes it super simple to provide online training, do software demos, and even make complete sales presentations.
I personally use both of these services and find them easy, reliable and well worth the price.
5 Sure-Fire Tips for Buying a New Computer
Where do you start? There are so many brands and models of computers available, and it can all be a little overwhelming when you start to look around.
How do you decide what type of computer you need? And perhaps more importantly, how do you decide what the best value is?
I have sold computers professionally for almost 20 years, and there are certain "tricks of the trade" that most computer stores and salespeople use. Knowing these secrets can make your decision easier and will help you buy the right computer for your needs.
1. Buy What You Need, Maybe a Little More
One of the most important things you can do when buying a new computer is make a list of the things that you will be using it for. There are so many different models - with different capabilities - that you can easily buy more, or less, than you really need if you don't.
If this is your first computer, this can be a little tougher. Until you've used a computer, it's hard to know exactly what you might want to do with it beyond the obvious, like connecting to the internet.
Regardless, you should think about some of the things you might want to do. Some possibilities include:
- Connect to the internet
- Play games
- Digital photography
- Digital video
- Type documents
- Accounting
- Design websites
- Programming
- Digital scrapbooking
- Geneology
Some of these things need more power than others. For example, connecting to the internet really doesn't need a lot of power. Even the most basic computer available will probably work just fine.
Digital video and many games need a lot more power. If you don't get a fast enough computer with enough memory, you'll be disappointed with the performance.
Knowing what you're going to be using your computer for will help your salesperson, whether they're on the phone, the internet or standing in front of you, recommend the best system for your needs.
As a general rule you're always better off buying more power than you need rather than less, but buying too much can be a waste of money.
2. Warranty Considerations
Computer warranties are one of the most confusing and obscure parts of your purchase. Most manufacturers have cut back on their customer service to the point where poor service has become a given.
The three most common options are onsite, carry-in or manufacturer's depot service.
Onsite service can be helpful, but think about whether you want to have to be available for a technician to come and diagnose your computer, and possibly have to come back with parts at another time.
Carry in service is a good option, but find out whether the service center is factory authorized for warranty repairs, as well as whether the technicians are all certified.
Shipping your computer to a factory service center can take a long time - sometimes a number of weeks. It also creates risk that your computer will be damaged or even lost in shipping. In some cases, the manufacturer will even replace your computer with another unit and ship it back to you, rather than repairing it. This can result in your losing any information that was on your system and having to reload all your software.
Another aspect of the warranty to find out about is technical support. Find out if the computer manufacturer offers a toll-free phone number and what the quality of service is like.
The better computer salespeople will be honest about this and tell you if a company's service leaves something to be desired. You can also do some research on the internet - most of the computer magazines like PC Magazine and PC World have annual customer service comparisons that rate the larger computer companies.
Always find out how the warranty is handled before making your decision. Even if it doesn't influence your choice, knowing what to expect if something does go wrong will save some nasty surprises down the road.
3. Can You Negotiate the Price Down?
A computer is a relatively large investment - anywhere from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars. Many computer buyers expect that there is a significant amount of "wiggle room" on the price.
The reality is that most computer hardware - the physical pieces like the computer, monitor and printer - is sold at very low profit margins. Often, computer systems are even sold at or below the dealer cost. When you're buying a computer, it never hurts to ask for a better deal, but don't be surprised if you only get a few dollars off, if anything.
Over the close to 20 years I've sold computers, I watched the profit margins go from over 40% to less than 5%. It's almost embarassing to offer a $20 discount on a $2500 computer system, but that could mean the difference between making and losing money on the sale.
What you can do to get the best price is to do some comparison shopping. Most computer stores offer price-matching guarantees, so if you find your computer for less at another store, most dealers will match or beat that price, even if it means they lose money.
4. How Do Computer Stores Make Any Money?
You might be wondering how these computer stores make any money if they're selling computer for so little profit.
Their money is made on add-on items. The highest profit areas in most computer stores are cables and "consumable" products such as printer ink and paper.
Printer ink is a huge money-maker for most computer stores (even more so for the printer manufacturers). Why is this? Once you've bought a printer, you're going to have to replace your ink at some point, and continue to replace it as it runs out.
Most chain computer stores and office supply stores that carry a large selection of ink cartridges make more from ink than they do from the computers themselves.
Cables also have huge markups. A cable that costs the store $2-3 will often sell for $20-30. That's ten times their cost!
If you're buying a new computer, you will likely need to buy some cables. Some items - printers, for example - don't often include the cables needed to hook them up.
Many printers also come with "starter" ink cartridges that are only half-full. You might also want to pick up some extra ink cartridges.
This is where you should be able to negotiate a better price. Don't expect the salesperson to throw them in for nothing, but they should be willing to offer you a better price. After all, if you're happy with their service, you'll probably continue to buy your ink, paper and other products from that store in the future.
5. What Software is Included?
The last secret of buying a new computer has to do with the software that is included. Most new computer systems include quite a few programs and sometimes the value of the software can be quite high.
Something to watch out for when looking at the included software is "trial versions" or "limited editions".
Many programs that are preloaded are either crippled versions that don't have all the features of the full program, or trial versions that will only run for a certain amount of time before they expire.
Computer are often sold with trial versions of the following types of software:
- antivirus
- firewall
- MS Office or other office suites
- Accounting - both business and personal
The computer manufacturers generally don't make it easy to tell whether the software on their systems are trial versions or limited versions. This is a question that you should specifically ask if you can't find the answer in their promotional information.
If you're buying a new computer with trial versions of the software, keep in mind that you will need to pay to continue using it after the trial period is over. This is an added cost that you need to consider as part of your overall budget.
These five "secrets" of buying a new computer are fairly common sense, but they are not always made clear up front. Knowing what to ask will help you in two ways. First, you can be sure you are getting the right computer for your needs.
Second, if the salesperson or company that you're dealing with explains these things to you without being asked, you'll know you're dealing with someone who is honest and upfront.
Knowing you can trust the people you're dealing with is an invaluable feature of your new computer system.
How do you decide what type of computer you need? And perhaps more importantly, how do you decide what the best value is?
I have sold computers professionally for almost 20 years, and there are certain "tricks of the trade" that most computer stores and salespeople use. Knowing these secrets can make your decision easier and will help you buy the right computer for your needs.
1. Buy What You Need, Maybe a Little More
One of the most important things you can do when buying a new computer is make a list of the things that you will be using it for. There are so many different models - with different capabilities - that you can easily buy more, or less, than you really need if you don't.
If this is your first computer, this can be a little tougher. Until you've used a computer, it's hard to know exactly what you might want to do with it beyond the obvious, like connecting to the internet.
Regardless, you should think about some of the things you might want to do. Some possibilities include:
- Connect to the internet
- Play games
- Digital photography
- Digital video
- Type documents
- Accounting
- Design websites
- Programming
- Digital scrapbooking
- Geneology
Some of these things need more power than others. For example, connecting to the internet really doesn't need a lot of power. Even the most basic computer available will probably work just fine.
Digital video and many games need a lot more power. If you don't get a fast enough computer with enough memory, you'll be disappointed with the performance.
Knowing what you're going to be using your computer for will help your salesperson, whether they're on the phone, the internet or standing in front of you, recommend the best system for your needs.
As a general rule you're always better off buying more power than you need rather than less, but buying too much can be a waste of money.
2. Warranty Considerations
Computer warranties are one of the most confusing and obscure parts of your purchase. Most manufacturers have cut back on their customer service to the point where poor service has become a given.
The three most common options are onsite, carry-in or manufacturer's depot service.
Onsite service can be helpful, but think about whether you want to have to be available for a technician to come and diagnose your computer, and possibly have to come back with parts at another time.
Carry in service is a good option, but find out whether the service center is factory authorized for warranty repairs, as well as whether the technicians are all certified.
Shipping your computer to a factory service center can take a long time - sometimes a number of weeks. It also creates risk that your computer will be damaged or even lost in shipping. In some cases, the manufacturer will even replace your computer with another unit and ship it back to you, rather than repairing it. This can result in your losing any information that was on your system and having to reload all your software.
Another aspect of the warranty to find out about is technical support. Find out if the computer manufacturer offers a toll-free phone number and what the quality of service is like.
The better computer salespeople will be honest about this and tell you if a company's service leaves something to be desired. You can also do some research on the internet - most of the computer magazines like PC Magazine and PC World have annual customer service comparisons that rate the larger computer companies.
Always find out how the warranty is handled before making your decision. Even if it doesn't influence your choice, knowing what to expect if something does go wrong will save some nasty surprises down the road.
3. Can You Negotiate the Price Down?
A computer is a relatively large investment - anywhere from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars. Many computer buyers expect that there is a significant amount of "wiggle room" on the price.
The reality is that most computer hardware - the physical pieces like the computer, monitor and printer - is sold at very low profit margins. Often, computer systems are even sold at or below the dealer cost. When you're buying a computer, it never hurts to ask for a better deal, but don't be surprised if you only get a few dollars off, if anything.
Over the close to 20 years I've sold computers, I watched the profit margins go from over 40% to less than 5%. It's almost embarassing to offer a $20 discount on a $2500 computer system, but that could mean the difference between making and losing money on the sale.
What you can do to get the best price is to do some comparison shopping. Most computer stores offer price-matching guarantees, so if you find your computer for less at another store, most dealers will match or beat that price, even if it means they lose money.
4. How Do Computer Stores Make Any Money?
You might be wondering how these computer stores make any money if they're selling computer for so little profit.
Their money is made on add-on items. The highest profit areas in most computer stores are cables and "consumable" products such as printer ink and paper.
Printer ink is a huge money-maker for most computer stores (even more so for the printer manufacturers). Why is this? Once you've bought a printer, you're going to have to replace your ink at some point, and continue to replace it as it runs out.
Most chain computer stores and office supply stores that carry a large selection of ink cartridges make more from ink than they do from the computers themselves.
Cables also have huge markups. A cable that costs the store $2-3 will often sell for $20-30. That's ten times their cost!
If you're buying a new computer, you will likely need to buy some cables. Some items - printers, for example - don't often include the cables needed to hook them up.
Many printers also come with "starter" ink cartridges that are only half-full. You might also want to pick up some extra ink cartridges.
This is where you should be able to negotiate a better price. Don't expect the salesperson to throw them in for nothing, but they should be willing to offer you a better price. After all, if you're happy with their service, you'll probably continue to buy your ink, paper and other products from that store in the future.
5. What Software is Included?
The last secret of buying a new computer has to do with the software that is included. Most new computer systems include quite a few programs and sometimes the value of the software can be quite high.
Something to watch out for when looking at the included software is "trial versions" or "limited editions".
Many programs that are preloaded are either crippled versions that don't have all the features of the full program, or trial versions that will only run for a certain amount of time before they expire.
Computer are often sold with trial versions of the following types of software:
- antivirus
- firewall
- MS Office or other office suites
- Accounting - both business and personal
The computer manufacturers generally don't make it easy to tell whether the software on their systems are trial versions or limited versions. This is a question that you should specifically ask if you can't find the answer in their promotional information.
If you're buying a new computer with trial versions of the software, keep in mind that you will need to pay to continue using it after the trial period is over. This is an added cost that you need to consider as part of your overall budget.
These five "secrets" of buying a new computer are fairly common sense, but they are not always made clear up front. Knowing what to ask will help you in two ways. First, you can be sure you are getting the right computer for your needs.
Second, if the salesperson or company that you're dealing with explains these things to you without being asked, you'll know you're dealing with someone who is honest and upfront.
Knowing you can trust the people you're dealing with is an invaluable feature of your new computer system.
Summer Computer Tips
#1 – Summer Computer Travel
Holiday travelers should be on alert when arriving home from long weekends, such as the Fourth of July, a popular time for computer viruses to spread.
Most computer users have a tendency to turn off their computers when away on trips, which means you’re not getting newly-released anti-virus patches or anti-spyware updates; the two most common areas that cause computers problems. We recommend you update anti-virus and anti-spyware scans before opening e-mail or going online after an extended absence.
We consistently see an increase in calls for virus related problems immediately following long weekends. Avoid the problems altogether by updating your security software before using your computer. For a free listing of viruses, spyware threats and trends, visit: www.VisitingGeeks.com/downloads.htm
#2 -- Should You Leave Your Computer Running?
One question we hear frequently is, "Should I leave my desktop computer on or turn it off?"
There are 2 schools of thought…
Turning it on and off numerous times during the day subjects the microcircuits to flexing and fatigue due to change in temperatures. Over time this could lead to a break in the circuitry and result in system failure.
Leaving the computer on all the time puts excess wear on the mechanical components (the hard drive spindle motor and cooling fans).
Best compromise. First user in the morning turns it on; last user turns it off.
We leave our desktops on all the time allowing for scheduled utility tasks to run during overnight hours. We also restart the systems (to flush the RAM and reset the operating system) on a regular basis and routinely remove the case covers to clean out any dust that may have accumulated, especially around the fans and screens.
#3 -- Stop Popups!
Never click inside the window of a popup. Instead, close it by clicking on the X in the upper right corner. Many people are fooled into installing spyware applications by popups that promise to clean their system. If you receive a message saying it can help, assume it’s spyware and don’t click!
Holiday travelers should be on alert when arriving home from long weekends, such as the Fourth of July, a popular time for computer viruses to spread.
Most computer users have a tendency to turn off their computers when away on trips, which means you’re not getting newly-released anti-virus patches or anti-spyware updates; the two most common areas that cause computers problems. We recommend you update anti-virus and anti-spyware scans before opening e-mail or going online after an extended absence.
We consistently see an increase in calls for virus related problems immediately following long weekends. Avoid the problems altogether by updating your security software before using your computer. For a free listing of viruses, spyware threats and trends, visit: www.VisitingGeeks.com/downloads.htm
#2 -- Should You Leave Your Computer Running?
One question we hear frequently is, "Should I leave my desktop computer on or turn it off?"
There are 2 schools of thought…
Turning it on and off numerous times during the day subjects the microcircuits to flexing and fatigue due to change in temperatures. Over time this could lead to a break in the circuitry and result in system failure.
Leaving the computer on all the time puts excess wear on the mechanical components (the hard drive spindle motor and cooling fans).
Best compromise. First user in the morning turns it on; last user turns it off.
We leave our desktops on all the time allowing for scheduled utility tasks to run during overnight hours. We also restart the systems (to flush the RAM and reset the operating system) on a regular basis and routinely remove the case covers to clean out any dust that may have accumulated, especially around the fans and screens.
#3 -- Stop Popups!
Never click inside the window of a popup. Instead, close it by clicking on the X in the upper right corner. Many people are fooled into installing spyware applications by popups that promise to clean their system. If you receive a message saying it can help, assume it’s spyware and don’t click!
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
HOW TO SHUT DOWN THE COMPUTER?
Left Click on the Start Button on the bottom left corner of the desktop, and press the red button next to “Turn Off the
Computer” command and Viola you shall see that the computer shall close all applications actively running on the
computer, if it can, otherwise it shall seek your assistance on the same and then shut down the computer, cutting off even
the power supply.
Congratulations!! If you have been an attentive student, you now understand
A. What is a Computer
B. Applications of a Computer
C. Characteristics of a Computer
D. How Computer Works
E. Components of a Computer
F. Switching On and Shutting Down a Computer.
Computer” command and Viola you shall see that the computer shall close all applications actively running on the
computer, if it can, otherwise it shall seek your assistance on the same and then shut down the computer, cutting off even
the power supply.
Congratulations!! If you have been an attentive student, you now understand
A. What is a Computer
B. Applications of a Computer
C. Characteristics of a Computer
D. How Computer Works
E. Components of a Computer
F. Switching On and Shutting Down a Computer.
HOW TO TURN ON THE COMPUTER
HOW TO TURN ON THE COMPUTER?
I. Turn On
As you see it is apparent from the language that you “Turn On” a computer. It is taken for granted, that all the connecting
cables between the computer, monitor, keyboard and mouse, speakers are firm and secured properly in the right place.
Just press the power button and the computer comes to life, making a beep sound. The first initial display on the
computer Monitor provides us the information on the BIOS loaded in the computer, which recalls all the hardware which
the computer tests and loads before coming to a command prompt which is c:/, or in case the computer is loaded with
Registers Fastest Lowest Volatile Highest Yes Onboard
Cost Reliability Physical
RAM Very Fast Low/ Volatile High Yes Onboard
Moderate
Floppy Disk Very Slow Low Non Volatile Low Medium A:\Internal/
& Erasable External
Hard Disk Fast 40 GB Non Volatile Very Low Yes C:\Internal
Upwards & Erasable
CD Roms Moderate 740 MB Non Volatile Very Low Medium D:\Internal/
& Erasable External
DVD Moderate 4 Gb Non Volatile Very Low Yes D:\Internal/
& Erasable External
Flash Roms Moderate 128 Mb Non Volatile Very Low Yes E:\
Upwards & Erasable External
Zip Drives low 200Mb-4GB Non Volatile Low Yes E:\
& Erasable External
Table. 1.2
Microsoft Windows Operating system, it automatically loads the same, and your log in screen shall be visible.
Presuming that we are running the Windows, we enter the password (by default it is blank) in the respective field, by
clicking the designated user, and pressing the enter Key on the keyboard, we come to the main desktop screen. This is
the platform from where we run the desired application.
I. Turn On
As you see it is apparent from the language that you “Turn On” a computer. It is taken for granted, that all the connecting
cables between the computer, monitor, keyboard and mouse, speakers are firm and secured properly in the right place.
Just press the power button and the computer comes to life, making a beep sound. The first initial display on the
computer Monitor provides us the information on the BIOS loaded in the computer, which recalls all the hardware which
the computer tests and loads before coming to a command prompt which is c:/, or in case the computer is loaded with
Registers Fastest Lowest Volatile Highest Yes Onboard
Cost Reliability Physical
RAM Very Fast Low/ Volatile High Yes Onboard
Moderate
Floppy Disk Very Slow Low Non Volatile Low Medium A:\Internal/
& Erasable External
Hard Disk Fast 40 GB Non Volatile Very Low Yes C:\Internal
Upwards & Erasable
CD Roms Moderate 740 MB Non Volatile Very Low Medium D:\Internal/
& Erasable External
DVD Moderate 4 Gb Non Volatile Very Low Yes D:\Internal/
& Erasable External
Flash Roms Moderate 128 Mb Non Volatile Very Low Yes E:\
Upwards & Erasable External
Zip Drives low 200Mb-4GB Non Volatile Low Yes E:\
& Erasable External
Table. 1.2
Microsoft Windows Operating system, it automatically loads the same, and your log in screen shall be visible.
Presuming that we are running the Windows, we enter the password (by default it is blank) in the respective field, by
clicking the designated user, and pressing the enter Key on the keyboard, we come to the main desktop screen. This is
the platform from where we run the desired application.
CABINET
CABINET: The box that houses the motherboard, hard disk, CD-Rom, Floppy Drive, VGA, including the power supply
(SMPS) is called the cabinet. Computer cabinets are designed to rest all these things in different preassigned areas as per
the industry standard. The color, and style of the cabinet has nothing to do with its performance. SMPS in built the
computer cabinet, controls and converts the AC current in the 9/12 Volt DC current as required by the components of the
computer.
UPS: Last but not the least, it is the external device which regulates, streamlines and corrects the input voltage and
current from the power source and gives to the computer. Its power or units are measured in KVA Smaller UPS come with
an inbuilt battery back up of around 20 minutes, larger ones come with external battery attachments and the size of the
battery bank determines the back up it provides in case of power failure. The concept of UPS is crucial in regions
experiencing frequent power cuts, fluctuations and surges primarily because
l Switching off the computer without proper shutting down, leads to corruption of software, and may
require technical support or reinstallation.
l A Surge/Spike or a fluctuation may lead to short circuit on the motherboard or hard disk crash, or
damaging the monitor or any other component.
l To Increase the life and efficiency of the hardware.
IMPORTANT:
It is important to understand that computers components must match in capability and performance with each other
before they can perform best as part of whole computer. For example, a 2.4 GHz Intel Pentium Processor shall not be able
to perform to its fullest with 128 Mb RAM, or 400 MHz Motherboard with onboard VGA for graphic Intensive
applications such as Corel Draw or Photoshop. A better combination would be 1024 Mb RAM with a VGA card with its
individual 256 Mb RAM. For office applications, even the last generation Intel Celerons work well with 128 Mb RAM.
So before you decide to buy your computer, you must define what you intend to use it for.
(SMPS) is called the cabinet. Computer cabinets are designed to rest all these things in different preassigned areas as per
the industry standard. The color, and style of the cabinet has nothing to do with its performance. SMPS in built the
computer cabinet, controls and converts the AC current in the 9/12 Volt DC current as required by the components of the
computer.
UPS: Last but not the least, it is the external device which regulates, streamlines and corrects the input voltage and
current from the power source and gives to the computer. Its power or units are measured in KVA Smaller UPS come with
an inbuilt battery back up of around 20 minutes, larger ones come with external battery attachments and the size of the
battery bank determines the back up it provides in case of power failure. The concept of UPS is crucial in regions
experiencing frequent power cuts, fluctuations and surges primarily because
l Switching off the computer without proper shutting down, leads to corruption of software, and may
require technical support or reinstallation.
l A Surge/Spike or a fluctuation may lead to short circuit on the motherboard or hard disk crash, or
damaging the monitor or any other component.
l To Increase the life and efficiency of the hardware.
IMPORTANT:
It is important to understand that computers components must match in capability and performance with each other
before they can perform best as part of whole computer. For example, a 2.4 GHz Intel Pentium Processor shall not be able
to perform to its fullest with 128 Mb RAM, or 400 MHz Motherboard with onboard VGA for graphic Intensive
applications such as Corel Draw or Photoshop. A better combination would be 1024 Mb RAM with a VGA card with its
individual 256 Mb RAM. For office applications, even the last generation Intel Celerons work well with 128 Mb RAM.
So before you decide to buy your computer, you must define what you intend to use it for.
IV STORAGE DEVICES
Components used to store data such as Floppy, ZIP etc.
1. BIOS Stands for “Basic Input Output Set” which is inbuilt on the motherboard, and stores the basic information
about the components installed in the computer, to guide the computer when it is switched on, before the operating
system takes over.
2. Hard Disk, When Power to the PC is switched OFF contents of the memory are lost. It is the Hard Disk which
serves as a bulk, non volatile medium for storage of user files or data or applications. Today a standard Hard Disk is
about 40 GB. Popular models are IBM, Seagate, Quantum etc.
3. Magnetic Disk/Tapes Flash ROMs CD ROMs
These all are different technologies of non-volatile storage mediums used in computers, to store all kinds of data. All
of these basically use a common magnetic medium, either, plastic, vinyl, or tape to store data. Please find below a
comparative analysis of the different media to know more about their function and utility.
4. Unit Measurement: Storage is measured bytes, or the unit for storage is bytes. Typically
1 byte = 8 bits (Each bit represents 0, or 1) There are 256 combinations of bits in 1 Byte for example 00110011,
10101010, 01010101, all represent individual bytes)
1 Kilobyte (Kb) = 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte (Mb) = 1000 Kb or 1,024,000 bytes
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1000 Mb, or 1,000,000 Kb, or 1,024,000,000 bytes
The chart shows different kinds of Storage and their respective comparative analysis based on the attributes that help us
understand their function and utilization.
1. BIOS Stands for “Basic Input Output Set” which is inbuilt on the motherboard, and stores the basic information
about the components installed in the computer, to guide the computer when it is switched on, before the operating
system takes over.
2. Hard Disk, When Power to the PC is switched OFF contents of the memory are lost. It is the Hard Disk which
serves as a bulk, non volatile medium for storage of user files or data or applications. Today a standard Hard Disk is
about 40 GB. Popular models are IBM, Seagate, Quantum etc.
3. Magnetic Disk/Tapes Flash ROMs CD ROMs
These all are different technologies of non-volatile storage mediums used in computers, to store all kinds of data. All
of these basically use a common magnetic medium, either, plastic, vinyl, or tape to store data. Please find below a
comparative analysis of the different media to know more about their function and utility.
4. Unit Measurement: Storage is measured bytes, or the unit for storage is bytes. Typically
1 byte = 8 bits (Each bit represents 0, or 1) There are 256 combinations of bits in 1 Byte for example 00110011,
10101010, 01010101, all represent individual bytes)
1 Kilobyte (Kb) = 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte (Mb) = 1000 Kb or 1,024,000 bytes
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1000 Mb, or 1,000,000 Kb, or 1,024,000,000 bytes
The chart shows different kinds of Storage and their respective comparative analysis based on the attributes that help us
understand their function and utilization.
III. COMMUNICATION PORTS
Components used to communicate with other external devices such as Input/Output devices, external fax
Modems (Device used to convert PC into a fax machine, and internet surfing), Removable Storage Devices etc. There are
primarily two kinds of ports, COM ports, and USB ports.
1. COM Ports as the name suggests stands for Communication port. Present on a motherboard, these are generally
two in number, one is connected to a nine pin port (Used by Mouse), and the other to a 25 pin port (Used by printers).
The data transfer speed in these is slow as compared to other ports.
2. Serial Ports are also available on the motherboard, used primarily to connect Mouse Keyboard. These are faster
than the com ports
3. USB Port, stands for Universal Serial Bus, which is the new Industry Standard for connection of high speed
devices to the computer, these include mouse, keyboard, camera, removable storage devices, and many other
accessories.
4. Fierwire 1394 port : Fierwire 1394 port is a new global standard for transmitting extensive data to the computer
such as data from camcorder.
AS SEEN FROM THE COMPARISON, IT IS CLEAR THAT THE USB PORT IS THE CLEAR WINNER
AMONGST ALL, THANKS TO THE CONTINUOUS NEED FOR INNOVATION AND ACHIEVEMENT IN THE TECHNOLOGY.
Modems (Device used to convert PC into a fax machine, and internet surfing), Removable Storage Devices etc. There are
primarily two kinds of ports, COM ports, and USB ports.
1. COM Ports as the name suggests stands for Communication port. Present on a motherboard, these are generally
two in number, one is connected to a nine pin port (Used by Mouse), and the other to a 25 pin port (Used by printers).
The data transfer speed in these is slow as compared to other ports.
2. Serial Ports are also available on the motherboard, used primarily to connect Mouse Keyboard. These are faster
than the com ports
3. USB Port, stands for Universal Serial Bus, which is the new Industry Standard for connection of high speed
devices to the computer, these include mouse, keyboard, camera, removable storage devices, and many other
accessories.
4. Fierwire 1394 port : Fierwire 1394 port is a new global standard for transmitting extensive data to the computer
such as data from camcorder.
AS SEEN FROM THE COMPARISON, IT IS CLEAR THAT THE USB PORT IS THE CLEAR WINNER
AMONGST ALL, THANKS TO THE CONTINUOUS NEED FOR INNOVATION AND ACHIEVEMENT IN THE TECHNOLOGY.
II. OUTPUT DEVICES
Components used to display the information as processed by the computer after the execution of the
request/program are commonly referred to as Output Devices. Most common Output Devices are :
1. Monitor is a device that looks like TV. It has a Screen and may have built in speakers. It allows the user to see the
result of his input and the output generated by the computer. Monitors can be classified into Regular style, which
consist of a screen curving at the corners, flat screens which are purely flat as the name goes, LCD, TFT and Plasma
displays, but in all cases the function remains the same.
2. Printer is a device attached to a Computer used to take output of the executed request on any Printable meterial
such as paper/transperancy/cloth etc. Printers are material specific, not all printers can print on all materials. They
may print in Colour or Black /Grey using either Laser/Bubblejet/Inkjet/Ribbon Technology. These are job specific
and one may buy as per his requirement of Media Size, Colour, Duty Cycle & Price.
3. Speaker is a device through which one can hear sound played by the computer.. These require a sound card and
can go from a simple pair to a complex 7.1 Dolby Digital Home Theater System.
4. Firewire 1394 Port : Firewire 1394 Port is a new global standared for Transmitting Extensive data to the
computer such as data from Camcorder
request/program are commonly referred to as Output Devices. Most common Output Devices are :
1. Monitor is a device that looks like TV. It has a Screen and may have built in speakers. It allows the user to see the
result of his input and the output generated by the computer. Monitors can be classified into Regular style, which
consist of a screen curving at the corners, flat screens which are purely flat as the name goes, LCD, TFT and Plasma
displays, but in all cases the function remains the same.
2. Printer is a device attached to a Computer used to take output of the executed request on any Printable meterial
such as paper/transperancy/cloth etc. Printers are material specific, not all printers can print on all materials. They
may print in Colour or Black /Grey using either Laser/Bubblejet/Inkjet/Ribbon Technology. These are job specific
and one may buy as per his requirement of Media Size, Colour, Duty Cycle & Price.
3. Speaker is a device through which one can hear sound played by the computer.. These require a sound card and
can go from a simple pair to a complex 7.1 Dolby Digital Home Theater System.
4. Firewire 1394 Port : Firewire 1394 Port is a new global standared for Transmitting Extensive data to the
computer such as data from Camcorder
II. PROCESSING DEVICES
1. CPU : Central Processing Unit, or in short the CPU, is the core processor of the Computer, and computes all that is
requested. It is the brain of the computer, and its speed in measured in Hz (hertz) the faster the CPU, the faster is the
processing power. Major manufacturers of the CPU in the world are INTEL, AMD, IBM, MOTOROLA. Out of
which Intel sells more all of them put together. Intel Pentium-4 (2.4Ghz) is the common current generation of
Processor which is used in wide variety of applications such as graphic intensive jobs, office applications,
Multimedia Applications etc.
2. RAM : Random Access Memory or commonly known as RAM, is like the number of working hands in a
computer. The more the hands the faster the information shall flow, between the input and the output. It commonly
comes in SIMM (Single Integrated Memory Module) and DIMM (Dual Integrated Memory Module). High end
RAM for servers comes with “Error Correction Control” a safety feature designed to handle large flow of Instruction
without any loss, or stability.
3. MOTHERBOARD : As the terms suggests is the coordinator of the computer which houses all the elements of
the computer, including the CPU, RAM, connections to Storage devices, Input and Output Devices. It has empty
slots for connecting accessories such as scanners, printers, TV’s, Multimedia, Projectors, etc
4. VGA refers to Video Graphic Adapter, which is built on the motherboard, in which case it shares memory from
RAM. The other form is when it is present independently on a card, and can be inserted in one of the available empty
slots on the motherboard. In both the cases the function is the same, it connects the monitor to the CPU. High end
VGA cards are used in doing graphic intensive applications such as designing, or playing 3d games, and watching
movies.
5. SOUND CARD is a device used to play music, voice on the computer or for recording through a micro phone
through its input and output ports. Bundled together with matching speakers, software, and DVD drive, they can
convert an ordinary PC to a great home theater system offering upto 7.1 Channel Dolby digital technology.
requested. It is the brain of the computer, and its speed in measured in Hz (hertz) the faster the CPU, the faster is the
processing power. Major manufacturers of the CPU in the world are INTEL, AMD, IBM, MOTOROLA. Out of
which Intel sells more all of them put together. Intel Pentium-4 (2.4Ghz) is the common current generation of
Processor which is used in wide variety of applications such as graphic intensive jobs, office applications,
Multimedia Applications etc.
2. RAM : Random Access Memory or commonly known as RAM, is like the number of working hands in a
computer. The more the hands the faster the information shall flow, between the input and the output. It commonly
comes in SIMM (Single Integrated Memory Module) and DIMM (Dual Integrated Memory Module). High end
RAM for servers comes with “Error Correction Control” a safety feature designed to handle large flow of Instruction
without any loss, or stability.
3. MOTHERBOARD : As the terms suggests is the coordinator of the computer which houses all the elements of
the computer, including the CPU, RAM, connections to Storage devices, Input and Output Devices. It has empty
slots for connecting accessories such as scanners, printers, TV’s, Multimedia, Projectors, etc
4. VGA refers to Video Graphic Adapter, which is built on the motherboard, in which case it shares memory from
RAM. The other form is when it is present independently on a card, and can be inserted in one of the available empty
slots on the motherboard. In both the cases the function is the same, it connects the monitor to the CPU. High end
VGA cards are used in doing graphic intensive applications such as designing, or playing 3d games, and watching
movies.
5. SOUND CARD is a device used to play music, voice on the computer or for recording through a micro phone
through its input and output ports. Bundled together with matching speakers, software, and DVD drive, they can
convert an ordinary PC to a great home theater system offering upto 7.1 Channel Dolby digital technology.
Mouse
2. Mouse is a handheld pointing device for computers, involving a small object fitted with one or more buttons and
shaped to sit naturally under the hand. Mouse is used to move a cursor on the computer screen, and make various
operations possible such as drawing, selecting text and graphics,
opening and closing files, and giving other commands. The wire
connecting it to the computer or keyboard looks like a mouse’s tail.
A mouse is moved over a flat horizontal surface, usually a rubber
mouse pad, and its position is read by the computer as relative x
and y coordinates. There are predominantly two kinds of mouse.
a. Normal Mouse: This mouse typically has a roller ball, which
requires regular cleaning for proper functioning.
b. Optical Mouse: This mouse typically has optical light
through which the it sends the computer its x and y coordinates
c. Cordless mouse: This mouse is typically one of the above,
but instead of using a cord for connecting itself to the PC, it
uses Radio Frequency or Infra Red technology to communicate.
However this has a problem, one it consumes too many
batteries, and second it causes interference with other RF or IR
devices.
3. In case of Touch Screen Panels/Monitors, the screen also senses the location of the contact point as one touches the
screen and takes the corresponding action as suggested. Typical example of a touch screen panel, is an ATM machine.
4. Joysticks as the name suggests are devices used to playing games on the computer, initially they started with single
stick with a few buttons, each designated a particular function in the game, these days more upgraded ones offer, car
steering options as well.
5. Scanner are devices used to convert documents or images into binary files which are stored and reproduced as
exact duplicate images in the computer.
shaped to sit naturally under the hand. Mouse is used to move a cursor on the computer screen, and make various
operations possible such as drawing, selecting text and graphics,
opening and closing files, and giving other commands. The wire
connecting it to the computer or keyboard looks like a mouse’s tail.
A mouse is moved over a flat horizontal surface, usually a rubber
mouse pad, and its position is read by the computer as relative x
and y coordinates. There are predominantly two kinds of mouse.
a. Normal Mouse: This mouse typically has a roller ball, which
requires regular cleaning for proper functioning.
b. Optical Mouse: This mouse typically has optical light
through which the it sends the computer its x and y coordinates
c. Cordless mouse: This mouse is typically one of the above,
but instead of using a cord for connecting itself to the PC, it
uses Radio Frequency or Infra Red technology to communicate.
However this has a problem, one it consumes too many
batteries, and second it causes interference with other RF or IR
devices.
3. In case of Touch Screen Panels/Monitors, the screen also senses the location of the contact point as one touches the
screen and takes the corresponding action as suggested. Typical example of a touch screen panel, is an ATM machine.
4. Joysticks as the name suggests are devices used to playing games on the computer, initially they started with single
stick with a few buttons, each designated a particular function in the game, these days more upgraded ones offer, car
steering options as well.
5. Scanner are devices used to convert documents or images into binary files which are stored and reproduced as
exact duplicate images in the computer.
I. INPUT DEVICES
1. Keyboard
Your Windows keyboard comprises of various keys sets. Sets as we say are a group of keys assigned a particular
function. Broadly the key sets are as follows:
The image shown here is a standard “QWERTY” style keyboard, used by over 80% of English using Computer
users. “QWERTY” is derived from the first six letters of the first lines of the alphabet set as shown here. Alphabet
Keys Set: This set comprises of alphabet keys arranged on the layout of a traditional typewriter as shown in the
image, and is used to print the alphabet pressed, on the screen. Combined with Shift key these keys change the case of
alphabet pressed. By default the keys use “lower case”. On pressing the Shift Key they Change to “Upper Case’
Number Keys Set Available in 02 sets these, one of the sets print numbers on the screen, Combined with Shift, it
prints the special characters as marked on it. The other set is combined with “Navigation keys” functions. By default
the “Navigation Keys” is activated. To activate the number keys on this set, one must press num lock, as this.
Navigation Keys Set: These keys help in moving the mouse cursor/pointer on the screen in the direction in which
the arrow points. This set is also used widely in computer games.
Function Keys Set: This set comprises of all keys numbered with F1 to F12, All keys have special function as
determined by the operating software. For example F1 for Help
Special Functions Set: This set comprises of Special Keys which have a preset function as understood by the computer program.
Your Windows keyboard comprises of various keys sets. Sets as we say are a group of keys assigned a particular
function. Broadly the key sets are as follows:
The image shown here is a standard “QWERTY” style keyboard, used by over 80% of English using Computer
users. “QWERTY” is derived from the first six letters of the first lines of the alphabet set as shown here. Alphabet
Keys Set: This set comprises of alphabet keys arranged on the layout of a traditional typewriter as shown in the
image, and is used to print the alphabet pressed, on the screen. Combined with Shift key these keys change the case of
alphabet pressed. By default the keys use “lower case”. On pressing the Shift Key they Change to “Upper Case’
Number Keys Set Available in 02 sets these, one of the sets print numbers on the screen, Combined with Shift, it
prints the special characters as marked on it. The other set is combined with “Navigation keys” functions. By default
the “Navigation Keys” is activated. To activate the number keys on this set, one must press num lock, as this.
Navigation Keys Set: These keys help in moving the mouse cursor/pointer on the screen in the direction in which
the arrow points. This set is also used widely in computer games.
Function Keys Set: This set comprises of all keys numbered with F1 to F12, All keys have special function as
determined by the operating software. For example F1 for Help
Special Functions Set: This set comprises of Special Keys which have a preset function as understood by the computer program.
4. COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER (PLEASE REFER A/V)
To understand more logically we can divide computer components in two Sections.
• Hardware
• Software
Let us take the hardware component First. The physical (visible) components of the computer are termed as hardware.
Broadly emphasized by the diagram as below
Let us understand the functions of each of this one at a time. One must realize that all components and their correct
functioning/compatibility is required in order for the computer to perform its function. So all the components are equally
important.
Fig. 1.1
Let us take the hardware component First. The physical (visible) components of the computer are termed as hardware.
Broadly emphasized by the diagram as below
Let us understand the functions of each of this one at a time. One must realize that all components and their correct
functioning/compatibility is required in order for the computer to perform its function. So all the components are equally important.
• Hardware
• Software
Let us take the hardware component First. The physical (visible) components of the computer are termed as hardware.
Broadly emphasized by the diagram as below
Let us understand the functions of each of this one at a time. One must realize that all components and their correct
functioning/compatibility is required in order for the computer to perform its function. So all the components are equally
important.
Fig. 1.1
Let us take the hardware component First. The physical (visible) components of the computer are termed as hardware.
Broadly emphasized by the diagram as below
Let us understand the functions of each of this one at a time. One must realize that all components and their correct
functioning/compatibility is required in order for the computer to perform its function. So all the components are equally important.
3. HOW DOES A COMPUTER WORK ?
Before we try to explain the process in technical terms let us try and understand how a computer works in a layman’s
terms
Assuming a Professor is given a very difficult assignment to solve, for which he requires a Team of People with access
to Library for referring Stored Data and preset instructions/logic/ and formulae to draw analysis, solving many
problems in sequence in the process to derive the final result of the given assignment, than in a layman’s terms
You the user gives an assignment (command) to the Computer, The Professor (The Processor ) directs the Team (RAM)
to fetch information from the Library/ Storage space (Hard Disk) using the help of the Librarian, “The Software”. The
Information gathered by “The Team”(RAM) is then compiled using set of instructions (The Program) by The Professor
(The Processor) and the final Output is given to the user. The co-ordinator between different people, i.e. The Professor
(The Processor), The Team (RAM), Librarian (Software/Drivers), Library (The Hard Disk/Storage Space) is The
Motherboard, which translates each’s work without any problem. The whole stage is the computer, where Monitor
Screen shows the input and the output result, Keyboard and Mouse are instrumental in inputting requests only, the rest is
done by the CPU, as explained here above.
Generally speaking, once an instruction is given to a computer via an input device such as keyboard, or mouse which is
processed by the components of the computer such as processor, motherboard, hard disk, RAM, Software Program, etc
and the result is shown via an output device such as a monitor or printer. More information on how it actually works is
dealt with in the next chapter
terms
Assuming a Professor is given a very difficult assignment to solve, for which he requires a Team of People with access
to Library for referring Stored Data and preset instructions/logic/ and formulae to draw analysis, solving many
problems in sequence in the process to derive the final result of the given assignment, than in a layman’s terms
You the user gives an assignment (command) to the Computer, The Professor (The Processor ) directs the Team (RAM)
to fetch information from the Library/ Storage space (Hard Disk) using the help of the Librarian, “The Software”. The
Information gathered by “The Team”(RAM) is then compiled using set of instructions (The Program) by The Professor
(The Processor) and the final Output is given to the user. The co-ordinator between different people, i.e. The Professor
(The Processor), The Team (RAM), Librarian (Software/Drivers), Library (The Hard Disk/Storage Space) is The
Motherboard, which translates each’s work without any problem. The whole stage is the computer, where Monitor
Screen shows the input and the output result, Keyboard and Mouse are instrumental in inputting requests only, the rest is
done by the CPU, as explained here above.
Generally speaking, once an instruction is given to a computer via an input device such as keyboard, or mouse which is
processed by the components of the computer such as processor, motherboard, hard disk, RAM, Software Program, etc
and the result is shown via an output device such as a monitor or printer. More information on how it actually works is
dealt with in the next chapter
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER
The characteristics of computer are high speed of operations, accuracy, reliability, flexibility and economy coupled with
efficiency in storing and processing data.
• SPEED: The speed of a computer is virtually instantaneous. It is measured in terms of microseconds (1/10-6
second), nanoseconds (1/10-9 second) and picosecond (1/10-12 second). An average Personal Computer can
conduct 100 million instructions per second
• STORAGE: One of the prime characteristics of a computer is its ability to store information which it can access
very quickly.
• ACCURACY: Computers are very accurate. They seldom make mistakes, though they do occasionally break
down.
• VERSATILITY: For all practical purposes, computers can perform any task that can be reduced to a series of
logical steps.
• AUTOMATION: Once loaded with a program, No human intervention is required until the process is completed.
• DILIGENCE: A computer can work endlessly, without suffering from the human traits of tiredness, boredom and
lack of concentration.
efficiency in storing and processing data.
• SPEED: The speed of a computer is virtually instantaneous. It is measured in terms of microseconds (1/10-6
second), nanoseconds (1/10-9 second) and picosecond (1/10-12 second). An average Personal Computer can
conduct 100 million instructions per second
• STORAGE: One of the prime characteristics of a computer is its ability to store information which it can access
very quickly.
• ACCURACY: Computers are very accurate. They seldom make mistakes, though they do occasionally break
down.
• VERSATILITY: For all practical purposes, computers can perform any task that can be reduced to a series of
logical steps.
• AUTOMATION: Once loaded with a program, No human intervention is required until the process is completed.
• DILIGENCE: A computer can work endlessly, without suffering from the human traits of tiredness, boredom and
lack of concentration.
USING THE PERSONAL COMPUTER
1. INTRODUCTION
A Computer is a machine that performs tasks, such as simple and complicated scientific calculations, electronic
communication, and transactions under the set of instructions called “a program”. These days Computers are used to
perform versatile activities with reliability, accuracy and speed.
In Business, computers track inventories with bar codes and scanners, billing of customers, and transfer funds
electronically, track attendance and generate payroll, store records/data in extensive quantities with a never before ease.
At Homes, tiny embedded computers control the indoor temperature, operate home security systems, turn videocassette
recorders on and off. Computers also Entertain working as a music system, video player gaming zone, etc.
Computers in Automobiles regulate the flow of fuel, thereby increasing gas mileage.
Academicians and Institutions use computers to track grades and prepare notes; with computer-controlled projection
units, they can add graphics, sound, and animation to their lectures. Computer based trainings is the futuristic method of
training and imparting education. It has reduced the cost of spreading education without compromising on the quality
phenomenally.
Computers are used extensively in Scientific Research to solve mathematical problems, display complicated data, or
model systems that are too costly or impractical to build, such as testing the air flow around the next generation of space
shuttles. The Military employs computers in sophisticated communications to encode and unscramble messages, and to
keep track of personnel and supplies.
In Routine Lives, computers come in usage while booking train & airplane tickets, withdrawing cash from bank, driving
cars, traffic lights, watching TV, listening Radio, although their usage cannot be seen or felt, but it completes the
requested transaction in the backend.
In Communication, Computers play an intrinsic role in provision of Internet, Email, Mobile, SMS, Telephone services
today, the primary means of communications.
A Computer is a machine that performs tasks, such as simple and complicated scientific calculations, electronic
communication, and transactions under the set of instructions called “a program”. These days Computers are used to
perform versatile activities with reliability, accuracy and speed.
In Business, computers track inventories with bar codes and scanners, billing of customers, and transfer funds
electronically, track attendance and generate payroll, store records/data in extensive quantities with a never before ease.
At Homes, tiny embedded computers control the indoor temperature, operate home security systems, turn videocassette
recorders on and off. Computers also Entertain working as a music system, video player gaming zone, etc.
Computers in Automobiles regulate the flow of fuel, thereby increasing gas mileage.
Academicians and Institutions use computers to track grades and prepare notes; with computer-controlled projection
units, they can add graphics, sound, and animation to their lectures. Computer based trainings is the futuristic method of
training and imparting education. It has reduced the cost of spreading education without compromising on the quality
phenomenally.
Computers are used extensively in Scientific Research to solve mathematical problems, display complicated data, or
model systems that are too costly or impractical to build, such as testing the air flow around the next generation of space
shuttles. The Military employs computers in sophisticated communications to encode and unscramble messages, and to
keep track of personnel and supplies.
In Routine Lives, computers come in usage while booking train & airplane tickets, withdrawing cash from bank, driving
cars, traffic lights, watching TV, listening Radio, although their usage cannot be seen or felt, but it completes the
requested transaction in the backend.
In Communication, Computers play an intrinsic role in provision of Internet, Email, Mobile, SMS, Telephone services
today, the primary means of communications.
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